Castel Sant' Angelo

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Map

Castel Sant' Angelo

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Castel Sant' Angelo was built as a mausoleum for the emperor Hadrian (r. 117-138) and his family. Begun in the late 120s, the mausoleum was not quite ready when Hadrian died in 138, and was completed in the following year by his successor Antoninus Pius (r. 138-161). 

The mausoleum took the form of a cylinder (66 m in diameter and 21 m high) on a square base (89 m wide and 12 m high). The cylinder was surmounted by a huge mound of earth planted with cypress trees. On its summit stood a bronze four-horse chariot (quadriga) with Hadrian at the reins.

The ashes of Hadrian, and his wife Sabina, were the first to be deposited in the mausoleum, followed by those of most of the Antonine and Severan emperors and their wives. The ashes of the emperor Caracalla (r. 211-217) were the last to be deposited.

With the building of the Aurelian walls (271-75) in the late 3rd century, the mausoleum was transformed into a fortress. It acquired its present name following a vision by Pope Gregory the Great (r. 590-604). According to legend, the pope was leading a procession of people, praying for deliverance from an attack of the plague, when he saw a vision of the archangel St Michael hovering over Hadrian’s tomb. St Michael was in the act of re-sheathing his sword, which the pope took to be a sign that his prayers had been answered. 

Archangel Michael by Raffaelle da Montelupo

​Hadrian's mausoleum was duly renamed the Castel Sant’ Angelo. For several centuries the castle was crowned by a marble statue of the St Michael, the work of Raffaello da Montelupo (c.1504 - c.1567). In 1747 it was replaced by the bronze statue that we see today, the work of the sculptor Peter Anton Verschaffelt (1710-93).

Archangel Michael by Peter Anton Verschaffelt

By the 12th century, the Castel Sant’ Angelo was established as papal property. Nicholas III (r. 1277-80), the first pope to make the Vatican his home, created a long passageway between the castle and the Vatican. Known as the Passetto di Borgo, it was built above the defensive wall erected by Pope Leo IV (r. 847-855). In 1527 Pope Clement VII (r. 1523-34) used the passetto to escape from the Vatican during the infamous sack of Rome on May 6th. 

Clement VII's successor, Pope Paul III (r. 1534-49), built a richly decorated apartment to ensure that in any future siege the pope had an appropriate place to stay. ​

Frescoes by Perin del Vaga, Sala Paolina

The Sala Paolina, the largest room of the apartment, was decorated with frescoes between 1545 and 1547 by the Florentine artist Pierino del Vaga (1501-47). The frescoes on the walls and the six ceiling paintings depict scenes from the life of Alexander the Great, while scenes from the life of St Paul were depicted in the six tondi. The choice of such figures was clearly intended to play on the names of Pope Paul III, who was born Alessandro Farnese. 

Castel Sant'Angelo was also used as a prison; Giordano Bruno (1548-1600), for example, was imprisoned there for six years on charges of heresy. As a prison, the castle was the setting for the third act of Giacomo Puccini's opera Tosca. 

Since the 1930s Castel Sant' Angelo has been a museum.  ​

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