Beware of Greeks Bearing Gifts

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Laocoon and His Sons

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The world-famous antique sculpture of Laocoön and his Sons was unearthed in a vineyard near the Colosseum in January, 1506. The vineyard was the property of Felice de Fredis, who immediately sold the work to Pope Julius II (r. 1503-13).

The sculpture was put on display in the garden of the Vatican's Palazzo Belvedere, today's Cortile Ottagono (Octagonal Courtyard), where it has been ever since, apart from a brief sojourn (1798-1816) in Paris. 

In Virgil's book The Aeneid, Laocoön was a Trojan priest, who was killed with both of his sons, after attempting to expose the Greeks' ruse of the wooden horse. Laocoön struck the horse with his spear, warning his fellow Trojans not to accept it: "Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes" (I fear the Danaans [Greeks], even those bearing gifts).

In his Naturalis Historia (Natural History), Gaius Plinius Secundus (23-79), better known as Pliny the Elder, refers to the Laocoön, which then stood in the palace of the emperor Titus and bore. He attributes the work to three sculptors from Rhodes, Hagesandros, Athenadorus and Polydoros, but does not give it a date or patron. 

When the statue was unearthed, Laocoön's right arm was missing, along with part of the hand of one of his sons and the right arm of the other, and various sections of snake. Over the years the sculpture was restored and all the missing parts were replaced, as was the practise of the time.

Four hundred years later, in 1906, Ludwig Pollak, an Austro-Czech archaeologist, antiques dealer and director of Rome's Museo Barracco, made a remarkable discovery. While rummaging about in a builder‘s yard, close to where the sculpture had been found, he came across a fragment of a marble arm, which bore a stylistic similarity to the figure of Laocoön.

He presented it to the Vatican Museums, where it remained in their storerooms for half a century. It wasn't until 1957 that the faux limbs were finally removed and Pollak's fragment reattached.  

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The Laocoon with the missing parts restored